{"id":9072,"date":"2015-10-13T05:08:00","date_gmt":"2015-10-13T08:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/culturedarm.com\/?p=9072"},"modified":"2015-11-18T05:39:56","modified_gmt":"2015-11-18T08:39:56","slug":"cultureteca-11-10-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/culturedarm.com\/staging\/5793\/cultureteca-11-10-15\/","title":{"rendered":"Cultureteca 11.10.15"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cultureteca<\/a><\/p>\n

On Cultureteca this week, a new study which hopes to establish the date of\u00a0the formation of Earth\u2019s inner core; the aurora borealis briefly visible across Britain owing to a coronal hole;\u00a0Matja\u017e Tan\u010di\u010d\u2019s photo series on professional bodyguards in China; Paramount Pictures uploads to YouTube \u2018The Paramount Vault\u2019; and the death of The Stooges saxophonist Steve Mackay.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

Dating Earth\u2019s Inner Core<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to a new study carried out by scientists from the University of Liverpool<\/a>, published in Nature<\/em> and reported at the beginning of the week, Earth\u2019s inner core formed somewhere between 1 billion and 1.5 billion years ago, freezing from the surrounding molten outer core.<\/p>\n

The solid ball which makes up Earth\u2019s inner core has a\u00a0radius of around 1,220 kilometres \u2013 about the size of Pluto, roughly\u00a070% of the size of the Moon. Scientists believe that it consists of an iron and nickel alloy, approximately the same temperature as the surface of the Sun.\u00a0This inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann, a Danish geophysicist who had been studying seismographs of earthquakes in New Zealand.<\/p>\n

While the\u00a0inner core\u2019s solidity was confirmed in 1971, there has remained significant debate regarding the date of its formation. Many previous estimates have placed this at 500 million years ago, while\u00a0some have\u00a0posited\u00a0a longer period of 2 billion years.<\/p>\n

The researchers from Liverpool\u2019s School of Environmental Sciences arrived at their conclusion after analysing magnetic records from ancient igneous rocks. They found a sharp increase in the strength of Earth\u2019s magnetic field between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago. Earth is 4.54 billion years old, originally molten, cooling over time to allow a solid crust, liquid water and an atmosphere, and life.<\/p>\n

Earth\u2019s magnetic field allows us to use compasses for navigation, and it also protects Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays which would otherwise strip away the ozone layer, exposing Earth to harmful ultraviolet radiation. The\u00a0magnetosphere, extending tens of thousands of kilometres into space, is the region in which charged particles are controlled by the magnetic field.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0magnetic field is generated by the swirling motion of magnetic iron in Earth\u2019s liquid\u00a0outer core. A process of convection sees the outer core lose heat to the overlying mantle, which separates the outer core from Earth\u2019s crust. When the inner core began to freeze, the rate of convective heat loss sharply increased.<\/p>\n

The lead author of the report, Dr Andy Biggin, explained:<\/p>\n

\u2018The results suggest that the Earth\u2019s core is cooling down less quickly than previously thought which has implications for the whole of Earth Sciences.\u00a0 It also suggests an average growth rate of the solid inner core of approximately 1mm per year which affects our understanding of the Earth\u2019s magnetic field.<\/em><\/p>\n

The theoretical model which best fits our data indicates that the core is losing heat more slowly than at any point in the last 4.5 billion years and that this flow of energy should keep the Earth\u2019s magnetic field going for another billion years or more.<\/em><\/p>\n

This contrasts sharply with Mars\u00a0which had a strong magnetic field early in its history which then appears to have died after half a billion years.\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Credit:<\/a><\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

Aurora Borealis Over Britain<\/strong><\/p>\n

The night sky above the United Kingdom has not been short of grand spectacles recently: the past few months have seen the Perseids<\/a>, the annual\u00a0meteor shower<\/a>; and a rare supermoon<\/a> lunar<\/a> eclipse<\/a>. But this week the northern lights \u2013 usually the preserve of the Arctic Circle \u2013 have journeyed further south,\u00a0becoming visible in parts of northern England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.<\/p>\n

An aurora is a phenomenon produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind. As charged solar particles precipitate into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, they emit light in a vast array of colours and forms. In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis, or the northern lights.<\/p>\n

The improved chances of witnessing the northern lights over the United Kingdom ought to last for a few weeks. The cause owes both to the time of year, and to a coronal hole which has aligned with Earth. Coronal holes discharge especially fast solar winds.<\/p>\n

On nights where they are visible, the northern lights will still tend towards the west of the UK. AuroraWatch UK<\/a>\u00a0provides alerts, live data, and information on sightings and photography locations. Meanwhile over the last week the BBC<\/a>, The Guardian<\/a><\/em>, and The Telegraph<\/a><\/em> have collected\u00a0a series of spectacular photographs and timelapses.<\/p>\n

\"Owen<\/a><\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

Matja\u017e Tan\u010di\u010d\u2019s Bodyguards<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

This week I published \u2018Pyongyang Architecture: Eddo Hartmann and\u00a0Matja\u017e Tan\u010di\u010d\u2019<\/a>, a piece which looks at the rebuilding of the North Korean capital after 1953 and the end of the Korean War, and at two recent photography projects, Setting the Stage: Pyongyang, North Korea\u00a0<\/em>by the Dutch photographer Eddo Hartmann, and 3DPRK<\/em> by the Slovenian photographer\u00a0Matja\u017e Tan\u010di\u010d. Collaborations with Koryo Studio, these projects were displayed alongside one another in Pyongyang between 24 September and 4 October, the first instance of Western art photographs going on public display in North Korea.<\/p>\n

Tan\u010di\u010d is based in Beijing, and his previous project, simply entitled Bodyguards<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, views China\u2019s first professional bodyguard business. He writes:<\/p>\n

\u2018Surprisingly, until Chen, a former soldier, decided to open his Security Academy, nobody in China had tried to professionalize bodyguard training business. But, in a country that every year adds new names to its list of millionaires, the idea was bound to be a success. We get behind the gates of the school to know who this first generation of Chinese professional bodyguards are, and how they are trained, either learning how to fight and protect their employer, or or just taking some classes to learn how to keep their bosses\u2019 agenda well-organised.\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Bodyguards<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Bodyguards<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Bodyguards<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Bodyguards<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Bodyguards<\/a><\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

The Paramount Vault<\/strong><\/p>\n

Paramount\u00a0Pictures recently opened a new YouTube\u00a0account, offering a host of films to view for free.\u00a0At \u2018The Paramount Vault\u2019<\/a>, and unlisted as a channel on \u2018Paramount Movies\u2019<\/a>\u00a0or \u2018Paramount Pictures\u2019<\/a>, the extent of the full-length\u00a0films can be a little difficult to find beyond all the uploaded trailers. It is easiest to search the collected playlists<\/a>, which show comedies old and new, from Paris When It Sizzles<\/em> (1964) with Audrey Hepburn and William Holden, to\u00a0Margot at the Wedding<\/em> (2007) starring Nicole Kidman and Jennifer Jason Leigh; Elvis\u2019s musical drama King Creole<\/em> (1958), where Walter Matthau<\/a> plays the nightclub-owning villain; science fiction in the shape of Dark City<\/em> (1998);\u00a0and horror in the form of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2<\/em> (1986), with Dennis Hopper as the lead.<\/p>\n