Towards the end of the month, Louis XVI – in fact already deposed as king and under house arrest after the abolition of the constitutional monarchy and the proclamation of the French Republic in September – was executed by guillotine. He had been found guilty of high treason, for colluding with foreign powers. In the fallout, France declared war too on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic.<\/span><\/p>\nInternally the French Republic, with authority\u00a0vested in the National Convention, continued to be opposed by what remained of the nobility and the clergy. But its fiercest foes\u00a0proved the peasants themselves, many of whom were angered by food shortages and rising prices, who\u00a0remained loyal to the\u00a0Roman Catholic Church, and who defied the government’s policy of military conscription. Fighting in western France between the Republic and the locals, who utilised guerrilla tactics nominally under the heading of the Catholic and Royal Army, would become known as the War in the Vend\u00e9e, eventually killing as many as 200,000 between March 1793 and March 1796.<\/p>\n
To combat such dissent from without and within, in April 1793 the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, initially under the leadership of Georges Jacques Danton. The role of the Committee of Public Safety was to supervise the war effort and branches of the legislature and judiciary, including the Revolutionary Tribunal, a court newly established in Paris for the trial of political offenders.<\/p>\n
At the time the National Convention was divided into two groups: the Girondists, liberal Republicans who had spurred the revolution in its earlier years, but now sought to curb what they increasingly perceived as its excesses, and the Montegnards, who held firm to a more radical ideology. Both groups were part of the broader Jacobin movement. Though the Girondists still maintained a majority in the Convention, they soon found themselves outmanoeuvred by the Montagnards who – vociferously supported by the journalist Jean-Paul Marat, the voice of the sans-culottes, the militant\u00a0lower classes, and led by Maximilien Robespierre – between 31 May and 2 June used the National Guard to oust key members of the opposition. The Girondists ceased to be a political force.<\/p>\n
Left to their own devices, the Montegnards declared a French Constitution on 24 June, which was ratified by a referendum employing universal male suffrage, but ultimately never enforced.\u00a0On 13 July Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, who sympathised with the Girondists. And later that month Robespierre wrested control of the Committee of Public Safety from Danton. France was rushing headlong towards what would later be known as The Terror, a period of bloody political repression. Before\u00a0the end of July 1794 – and the Thermidorian Reaction which would bring about the demise of Robespierre – 16,594 were recorded as executed by the guillotine, another 25,000 were put to death in summary executions across France, and up to 100,000 were killed\u00a0in total amid\u00a0a string of massacres and prison\u00a0deaths.<\/p>\n
Robespierre himself heralded the use of the term ‘terror’.\u00a0In a speech\u00a0to the National Convention the following February, using language that drew loosely upon Rousseau, he affirmed:<\/p>\n
‘If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue, the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror; virtue, without which terror is baneful; terror, without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie.’<\/em><\/p>\nWith Robespierre now in charge, the Committee of Public Safety became the de facto government of France.\u00a0The Law of Suspects was passed by the Committee on 17 September, ordering the arrest of anyone deemed to be an enemy of the Republic. The Law of the Maximum followed on 29 September, setting price limits on food and other goods. On 10 October a provisional revolutionary government was proclaimed, to last until France was at peace. And on 27 October the Republican Calendar was installed, starting\u00a0on the autumnal equinox and with twelve months of thirty days each, designed in accordance with the principle of decimalisation and to remove from the calendar all religious and royalist references.<\/p>\n
The Law of 14 Frimaire – Frimaire being the\u00a0month by the revolutionary calendar which began\u00a0around 20 November – essentially confirmed and strengthened\u00a0the Committee of Public Safety as the revolutionary government of France. It centralised power at the behest\u00a0of Robespierre and his closest allies, forcing\u00a0local administrators throughout the country\u00a0– renamed as ‘national agents’ –\u00a0to report directly to them or face the inevitable consequences. All decision making, military action, and political activism not sanctioned by the Committee of Public Safety was strictly forbidden. The Law of 14 Frimaire therefore set the stage\u00a0for the amplification\u00a0of The Terror that was to come.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
On this day on 4 December 1793, during the French Revolution, the\u00a0Law of 14 Frimaire was passed, consolidating power in the hands of Maximilien Robespierre’s Committee of Public Safety. By the spring of 1793, the French Republic was beset by\u00a0war, internal rebellion, and political division. The Revolutionary Wars had commenced in earnest in April 1792, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9942,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3854,12],"tags":[1297,1317,2514],"class_list":{"0":"post-9941","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-daily-visual","8":"category-news-politics","9":"tag-france","10":"tag-french-revolution","11":"tag-politics"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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<\/p>\n